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MILITARY COMMAND & CONTROL
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Technological advances in communication and information access – the internet, portable computing, wireless technology – have had a significant impact on the United States military. In today’s world of “network-centric warfare,” critical pieces of information that in past decades were passed slowly through complex military organizations are now instantly available to large numbers of individuals around the world.
Military organizational structures, however, have not changed as rapidly as the information technology that supports them. In many cases, our military is fighting in a new networked world using an organizational structure that has not been re-examined since the time of Napoleon.
Aptima helps military organizations develop innovative organizational structures that take full advantage of the revolution in connectivity. For example, we have developed a model-based tool that allows commanders to optimally “match” the structure of their command organization to its mission and to the information technology that enables that mission. The result is more effective command and control, because both systems – human and technology – are aligned.
Over the past decade, Aptima has used this technology to support the design and evaluation of many innovative command and control organizations and enabling technologies for Joint Task Forces and for Navy, Army, and Air Force operations.
Examples of our work:
Model-based Command & Control Design
For the past 10 years, Aptima has participated in the design of C2 organizations such as Joint Task Force Headquarters and the Navy's Expeditionary Strike Group <more>
US Air & Space Ops Center Training & Rehearsal Design
Created a unique methodology for establishing performance metrics, standards for evaluation, and simulation-based scenario guidelines
Predicting Enemy Strategy & IDing Vulnerabilities
Built a semi-automated system to identify adversary C2 organizational structure from partial observations of communications and events
Organizational Analysis & Design
Supported the Air Force to re-engineer and optimize command organization’s current and future aircraft <more>
Simulation-based Training for Command and Control Teamwork
Developed an intelligent tutoring system for Air Weapons Officers (AWOs) <more>
Publications: - Weil, S. A., Foster, P., Freeman, J., Carley, K., Diesner, J., Frantz, T., Cooke, N. J., Shope, S., & Gorman, J. (in press) Converging approaches to automated communications-based assessment of team situation awareness. In M. Letsky, N. Warner, S. Fiore, & C. Smith. (Eds.), Macrocognition in teams. United Kingdom: Ashgate.
- Wiese, E. E., Freeman, J., Salter, W. J., Stelzer, E. M., & Jackson, C. (in press). Distributed after action review for simulation-based training. In D. A. Vincenzi, J. A. Wise, M. Mouloua & P. A. Hancock (Eds.), Human factors in simulation and training.
- Freeman, J., Stacy, W., & Olivares, O. (in press). Assessment for learning and development in virtual environments. In D. Schmorrow, J. Cohn, & D. Nicholson (Eds.), The PSI handbook of virtual environments for training and education: Developments for the military and beyond. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.
- Hess, K. P., Freeman, J., & Coovert, Ml. (In press). CENTER: Critical thinking in team decision making. In M. Letsky & N. Warner (Eds,) Macrocognition in teams: Theories and methodologies. United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
- MacMillan, J., Stacy, W., & Freeman, J. (in press). The design of synthetic experiences for effective training: Challenges for DMO. Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributed Mission Operations Training, Mesa, AZ.
- Shebilske, W., Gildea, K., Freeman, J., & Levchuk, G. (in press). Optimizing instructional feedback strategies: A Benchmarked Experiential System for Training (BEST). Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science, Special Issue on Optimizing Virtual Training Systems.
- Winner, J. L., Freeman, J. T., Cooke, N. J., & Goodwin, G. F. (2007). A metric for the shared interpretation of commander's intent. Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 51st annual meeting (pp. 122-126). Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
- Entin, E., Grier, R., Jefferson, T. & Levchuk, G. (2007). Identifying the enemy - Part II: Algorithms versus human analysts. Proceedings of the 12th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Newport, RI.
- Shebilske, W., Gildea, K., Freeman, J., & Levchuk, G. (2006). A Benchmarked Experiential System for Training (BEST) and Dynamic Systems Theory. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting (pp. 2649-2653). Santa Monica, CA: HFES.
- MacMillan, J., Diedrich, F. J., Entin, E. E., & Serfaty, D. (2005). How well did it work? Measuring organizational performance in simulation environments. In W. B. Rouse & K. R. Boff (Eds.), Organizational simulation (pp. 253-272). New Jersey: John Wiley.
- Weil, S. A., Levchuk, G., Downes-Martin, S., Diedrich, F. J., Entin, E. E., See, K. E., & Serfaty, D. (2005). Supporting organizational change in command and control: Approaches and metrics. Proceedings of the 2005 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Washington, DC.
- Levchuk, G. M., Meirina, C., Pattipati, K.R., & Kleinman, D.L. (2004). Normative design of project-based organizations: Part III - Modeling congruent, robust and adaptive organizations. IEEE Trans. on SMC: Part A: Systems and Humans, 34(3), 337-350.
- MacMillan, J., Entin, E. E., & Serfaty, D. (2004). Communication overhead: The hidden cost of team cognition. In E. Salas & S. M. Fiore (Eds.), Team cognition: Process and performance at the inter and intra-individual level. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Diedrich, F. J., Entin, E. E., Hutchins, S. G., Hocevar, S. P., Rubineau, B., & MacMillan, J. (2003). When do organizations need to change (Part I)? Coping with incongruence. Proceedings of the 2003 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Washington, DC.
- Entin, E. E., Diedrich, F. J., Kleinman, D. L., Kemple, W. G., Hocevar, S. G., Rubineau, B., & Serfaty, D. (2003). When do organizations need to change (Part II)? Incongruence in action. Proceedings of the 2003 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Washington, DC.
- Levchuk, G. M., Feili Y., Pattipati, K. R., & Levchuk, Y. (2003). From hierarchies to heterarchies: Application of network optimization to design of organizational structures. Proceedings of the 8th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Washington, DC.
- Levchuk, G. M., Kleinman, D. L., Ruan, S., & Pattipati, K.R. (2003). Congruence of human organizations and missions: Theory versus data. Proceedings of the 8th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Washington, DC.
- Levchuk, G., Levchuk, Y., Pattipati, K. & Kleinman, D. (2002). Mapping flows onto networks to optimize organizational processes. Proceedings of the 2002 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Monterey, CA.
- Levchuk, G. M., Levchuk, Y. N., Luo, J., Pattipati, K.R., & Kleinman, D.L. (2002). Normative design of organizations - Part I: Mission planning. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics – Part A: Systems and Humans, 32(3), 346-359.
- Levchuk, G. M., Levchuk, Y. N., Luo, J., Pattipati, K. R., & Kleinman, D. L. (2002). Normative design of organizations - Part II: Organizational structure. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics – Part A: Systems and Humans, 32(3), 360-375.
- Entin, E. E. (1999). Optimized command and control architectures for improved process and performance. Proceedings of the 1999 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Newport, RI.
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